According to industry estimates, only 21% of the available data is present in structured form. Data is being generated as we speak, as we tweet, as we send messages on Whatsapp and in various other activities. Majority of this data exists in the textual form, which is highly unstructured in nature.
Few notorious examples include – tweets / posts on social media, user to user chat conversations, news, blogs and articles, product or services reviews and patient records in the healthcare sector. A few more recent ones includes chatbots and other voice driven bots.
Despite having high dimension data, the information present in it is not directly accessible unless it is processed (read and understood) manually or analyzed by an automated system.
In order to produce significant and actionable insights from text data, it is important to get acquainted with the techniques and principles of Natural Language Processing (NLP).
So, if you plan to create chatbots this year, or you want to use the power of unstructured text, or artificial intelligence this guide is the right starting point. This guide unearths the concepts of natural language processing, its techniques and implementation. The aim of the article is to teach the concepts of natural language processing and apply it on real data set. Moreover, we also have a video based course on NLP with 3 real life projects.Also, in this article we talk about different language like open source,nlg provide various semantic analysis like speech to text the unstructured data of NLP.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of data science that consists of systematic processes for analyzing, understanding, and deriving information from the text data in a smart and efficient manner. By utilizing NLP and its components, one can organize the massive chunks of text data, perform numerous automated tasks and solve a wide range of problems such as – automatic summarization, machine translation, named entity recognition, relationship extraction, sentiment analysis, speech recognition, and topic segmentation etc.
Before moving further, I would like to explain some terms that are used in the article:
Steps to install NLTK and its data:
Install Pip: run in terminal:
sudo easy_install pipInstall NLTK: run in terminal :
sudo pip install -U nltkDownload NLTK data: run python shell (in terminal) and write the following code:
```
import nltk nltk.download() ``` Follow the instructions on screen and download the desired package or collection. Other libraries can be directly installed using pip.
Since, text is the most unstructured form of all the available data, various types of noise are present in it and the data is not readily analyzable without any pre-processing. The entire process of cleaning and standardization of text, making it noise-free and ready for analysis is known as text preprocessing.
It is predominantly comprised of three steps:
The following image shows the architecture of text preprocessing pipeline.
Any piece of text which is not relevant to the context of the data and the end-output can be specified as the noise.
For example – language stopwords (commonly used words of a language – is, am, the, of, in etc), URLs or links, social media entities (mentions, hashtags), punctuations and industry specific words. This step deals with removal of all types of noisy entities present in the text.
A general approach for noise removal is to prepare a dictionary of noisy entities, and iterate the text object by tokens (or by words), eliminating those tokens which are present in the noise dictionary.
Following is the python code for the same purpose.
Python Code:
Another approach is to use the regular expressions while dealing with special patterns of noise. We have explained regular expressions in detail in one of our previous article. Following python code removes a regex pattern from the input text:
```
# Sample code to remove a regex pattern
import re
def _remove_regex(input_text, regex_pattern):
urls = re.finditer(regex_pattern, input_text)
for i in urls:
input_text = re.sub(i.group().strip(), '', input_text)
return input_text
regex_pattern = "#[\w]*"
_remove_regex("remove this #hashtag from analytics vidhya", regex_pattern)
>>> "remove this from analytics vidhya"
```
Another type of textual noise is about the multiple representations exhibited by single word.
For example – “play”, “player”, “played”, “plays” and “playing” are the different variations of the word – “play”, Though they mean different but contextually all are similar. The step converts all the disparities of a word into their normalized form (also known as lemma). Normalization is a pivotal step for feature engineering with text as it converts the high dimensional features (N different features) to the low dimensional space (1 feature), which is an ideal ask for any ML model.
The most common lexicon normalization practices are :
Below is the sample code that performs lemmatization and stemming using python’s popular library – NLTK.
```
from nltk.stem.wordnet import WordNetLemmatizer
lem = WordNetLemmatizer()
from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer
stem = PorterStemmer()
word = "multiplying"
lem.lemmatize(word, "v")
>> "multiply"
stem.stem(word)
>> "multipli"
```Text data often contains words or phrases which are not present in any standard lexical dictionaries. These pieces are not recognized by search engines and models.
Some of the examples are – acronyms, hashtags with attached words, and colloquial slangs. With the help of regular expressions and manually prepared data dictionaries, this type of noise can be fixed, the code below uses a dictionary lookup method to replace social media slangs from a text.
```
lookup_dict = {'rt':'Retweet', 'dm':'direct message', "awsm" : "awesome", "luv" :"love", "..."}
def _lookup_words(input_text):
words = input_text.split()
new_words = []
for word in words:
if word.lower() in lookup_dict:
word = lookup_dict[word.lower()]
new_words.append(word) new_text = " ".join(new_words)
return new_text
_lookup_words("RT this is a retweeted tweet by Shivam Bansal")
>> "Retweet this is a retweeted tweet by Shivam Bansal"
```Apart from three steps discussed so far, other types of text preprocessing includes encoding-decoding noise, grammar checker, and spelling correction etc. The detailed article about preprocessing and its methods is given in one of my previous article.
To analyse a preprocessed data, it needs to be converted into features. Depending upon the usage, text features can be constructed using assorted techniques – Syntactical Parsing, Entities / N-grams / word-based features, Statistical features, and word embeddings. Read on to understand these techniques in detail.
Syntactical parsing invol ves the analysis of words in the sentence for grammar and their arrangement in a manner that shows the relationships among the words. Dependency Grammar and Part of Speech tags are the important attributes of text syntactics.
Dependency Trees – Sentences are composed of some words sewed together. The relationship among the words in a sentence is determined by the basic dependency grammar. Dependency grammar is a class of syntactic text analysis that deals with (labeled) asymmetrical binary relations between two lexical items (words). Every relation can be represented in the form of a triplet (relation, governor, dependent). For example: consider the sentence – “Bills on ports and immigration were submitted by Senator Brownback, Republican of Kansas.” The relationship among the words can be observed in the form of a tree representation as shown:
The tree shows that “submitted” is the root word of this sentence, and is linked by two sub-trees (subject and object subtrees). Each subtree is a itself a dependency tree with relations such as – (“Bills” <-> “ports” <by> “proposition” relation), (“ports” <-> “immigration” <by> “conjugation” relation).
This type of tree, when parsed recursively in top-down manner gives grammar relation triplets as output which can be used as features for many nlp problems like entity wise sentiment analysis, actor & entity identification, and text classification. The python wrapper StanfordCoreNLP (by Stanford NLP Group, only commercial license) and NLTK dependency grammars can be used to generate dependency trees.
Part of speech tagging – Apart from the grammar relations, every word in a sentence is also associated with a part of speech (pos) tag (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs etc). The pos tags defines the usage and function of a word in the sentence. H ere is a list of all possible pos-tags defined by Pennsylvania university. Following code using NLTK performs pos tagging annotation on input text. (it provides several implementations, the default one is perceptron tagger)
```
from nltk import word_tokenize, pos_tag
text = "I am learning Natural Language Processing on Analytics Vidhya"
tokens = word_tokenize(text)
print pos_tag(tokens)
>>> [('I', 'PRP'), ('am', 'VBP'), ('learning', 'VBG'), ('Natural', 'NNP'),('Language', 'NNP'),
('Processing', 'NNP'), ('on', 'IN'), ('Analytics', 'NNP'),('Vidhya', 'NNP')]
```
Part of Speech tagging is used for many important purposes in NLP:
A.Word sense disambiguation: Some language words have multiple meanings according to their usage. For example, in the two sentences below:
I. “Please book my flight for Delhi”
II. “I am going to read this book in the flight”
“Book” is used with different context, however the part of speech tag for both of the cases are different. In sentence I, the word “book” is used as v erb, while in II it is used as no un. (Lesk Algorithm is also us ed for similar purposes)
B.Improving word-based features: A learning model could learn different contexts of a word when used word as the features, however if the part of speech tag is linked with them, the context is preserved, thus making strong features. For example:
Sentence -“book my flight, I will read this book”
Tokens – (“book”, 2), (“my”, 1), (“flight”, 1), (“I”, 1), (“will”, 1), (“read”, 1), (“this”, 1)
Tokens with POS – (“book_VB”, 1), (“my_PRP$”, 1), (“flight_NN”, 1), (“I_PRP”, 1), (“will_MD”, 1), (“read_VB”, 1), (“this_DT”, 1), (“book_NN”, 1)
C. Normalization and Lemmatization: POS tags are the basis of lemmatization process for converting a word to its base form (lemma).
D.Efficient stopword removal : P OS tags are also useful in efficient removal of stopwords.
For example, there are some tags which always define the low frequency / less important words of a language. For example: (IN – “within”, “upon”, “except”), (CD – “one”,”two”, “hundred”), (MD – “may”, “mu st” etc)
Entities are defined as the most important chunks of a sentence – noun phrases, verb phrases or both. Entity Detection algorithms are generally ensemble models of rule based parsing, dictionary lookups, pos tagging and dependency parsing. The applicability of entity detection can be seen in the automated chat bots, content analyzers and consumer insights.
Topic Modelling & Named Entity Recognition are the two key entity detection methods in NLP.
The process of detecting the named entities such as person names, location names, company names etc from the text is called as NER. For example :
Sentence – Sergey Brin, the manager of Google Inc. is walking in the streets of New York.
Named Entities – ( “person” : “Sergey Brin” ), (“org” : “Google Inc.”), (“location” : “New York”)
A typical NER model consists of three blocks:
Noun phrase identification: This step deals with extracting all the noun phrases from a text using dependency parsing and part of speech tagging.
Phrase classification: This is the classification step in which all the extracted noun phrases are classified into respective categories (locations, names etc). Google Maps API provides a good path to disambiguate locations, Then, the open databases from dbpedia, wikipedia can be used to identify person names or company names. Apart from this, one can curate the lookup tables and dictionaries by combining information from different sources.
Entity disambiguation: Sometimes it is possible that entities are misclassified, hence creating a validation layer on top of the results is useful. Use of knowledge graphs can be exploited for this purposes. The popular knowledge graphs are – Google Knowledge Graph, IBM Watson and Wikipedia.
Topic modeling is a process of automatically identifying the topics present in a text corpus, it derives the hidden patterns among the words in the corpus in an unsupervised manner. Topics are defined as “a repeating pattern of co-occurring terms in a corpus”. A good topic model results in – “health”, “doctor”, “patient”, “hospital” for a topic – Healthcare, and “farm”, “crops”, “wheat” for a topic – “Farming”.
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is the most popular topic modelling technique, Following is the code to implement topic modeling using LDA in python. For a detailed explanation about its working and implementation, check the complete article here.
```
doc1 = "Sugar is bad to consume. My sister likes to have sugar, but not my father."
doc2 = "My father spends a lot of time driving my sister around to dance practice."
doc3 = "Doctors suggest that driving may cause increased stress and blood pressure."
doc_complete = [doc1, doc2, doc3]
doc_clean = [doc.split() for doc in doc_complete]
import gensim from gensim
import corpora
# Creating the term dictionary of our corpus, where every unique term is assigned an index.
dictionary = corpora.Dictionary(doc_clean)
# Converting list of documents (corpus) into Document Term Matrix using dictionary prepared above.
doc_term_matrix = [dictionary.doc2bow(doc) for doc in doc_clean]
# Creating the object for LDA model using gensim library
Lda = gensim.models.ldamodel.LdaModel
# Running and Training LDA model on the document term matrix
ldamodel = Lda(doc_term_matrix, num_topics=3, id2word = dictionary, passes=50)
# Results
print(ldamodel.print_topics())
```
A combination of N words together are called N-Grams. N grams (N > 1) are generally more informative as compared to words (Unigrams) as features. Also, bigrams (N = 2) are considered as the most important features of all the others. The following code generates bigram of a text.
```
def generate_ngrams(text, n):
words = text.split()
output = []
for i in range(len(words)-n+1):
output.append(words[i:i+n])
return output
>>> generate_ngrams('this is a sample text', 2)
# [['this', 'is'], ['is', 'a'], ['a', 'sample'], , ['sample', 'text']]
```
Text data can also be quantified directly into numbers using several techniques described in this section:
TF-IDF is a weighted model commonly used for information retrieval problems. It aims to convert the text documents into vector models on the basis of occurrence of words in the documents without taking considering the exact ordering. For Example – let say there is a dataset of N text documents, In any document “D”, TF and IDF will be defined as –
Term Frequency (TF) – TF for a term “t” is defined as the count of a term “t” in a document “D”
Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) – IDF for a term is defined as logarithm of ratio of total documents available in the corpus and number of documents containing the term T.
TF . IDF – TF IDF formula gives the relative importance of a term in a corpus (list of documents), given by the following formula below. Following is the code using python’s scikit learn package to convert a text into tf idf vectors:
```
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
obj = TfidfVectorizer()
corpus = ['This is sample document.', 'another random document.', 'third sample document text']
X = obj.fit_transform(corpus)
print X
>>>
(0, 1) 0.345205016865
(0, 4) ... 0.444514311537
(2, 1) 0.345205016865
(2, 4) 0.444514311537
```
The model creates a vocabulary dictionary and assigns an index to each word. Each row in the output contains a tuple (i,j) and a tf-idf value of word at index j in document i.
Count or Density based features can also be used in models and analysis. These features might seem trivial but shows a great impact in learning models. Some of the features are: Word Count, Sentence Count, Punctuation Counts and Industry specific word counts. Other types of measures include readability measures such as syllable counts, smog index and flesch reading ease. Refer to Textstat library to create such features.
Word embedding is the modern way of representing words as vectors. The aim of word embedding is to redefine the high dimensional word features into low dimensional feature vectors by preserving the contextual similarity in the corpus. They are widely used in deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks.
Word2Vec and GloVe are the two popular models to create word embedding of a text. These models takes a text corpus as input and produces the word vectors as output.
Word2Vec model is composed of preprocessing module, a shallow neural network model called Continuous Bag of Words and another shallow neural network model called skip-gram. These models are widely used for all other nlp problems. It first constructs a vocabulary from the training corpus and then learns word embedding representations. Following code using gensim package prepares the word embedding as the vectors.
```
from gensim.models import Word2Vec
sentences = [['data', 'science'], ['vidhya', 'science', 'data', 'analytics'],['machine', 'learning'], ['deep', 'learning']]
# train the model on your corpus
model = Word2Vec(sentences, min_count = 1)
print model.similarity('data', 'science')
>>> 0.11222489293
print model['learning']
>>> array([ 0.00459356 0.00303564 -0.00467622 0.00209638, ...])
```
They can be used as feature vectors for ML model, used to measure text similarity using cosine similarity techniques, words clustering and text classification techniques.
This section talks about different use cases and problems in the field of natural language processing.
Text classification is one of the classical problem of NLP. Notorious examples include – Email Spam Identification, topic classification of news, sentiment classification and organization of web pages by search engines.
Text classification, in common words is defined as a technique to systematically classify a text object (document or sentence) in one of the fixed category. It is really helpful when the amount of data is too large, especially for organizing, information filtering, and storage purposes.
A typical natural language classifier consists of two parts: (a) Training (b) Prediction as shown in image below. Firstly the text input is processes and features are created. The machine learning models then learn these features and is used for predicting against the new text.
Here is a code that uses naive bayes classifier using text blob library (built on top of nltk).
```
from textblob.classifiers import NaiveBayesClassifier as NBC
from textblob import TextBlob
training_corpus = [
('I am exhausted of this work.', 'Class_B'),
("I can't cooperate with this", 'Class_B'),
('He is my badest enemy!', 'Class_B'),
('My management is poor.', 'Class_B'),
('I love this burger.', 'Class_A'),
('This is an brilliant place!', 'Class_A'),
('I feel very good about these dates.', 'Class_A'),
('This is my best work.', 'Class_A'),
("What an awesome view", 'Class_A'),
('I do not like this dish', 'Class_B')]
test_corpus = [
("I am not feeling well today.", 'Class_B'),
("I feel brilliant!", 'Class_A'),
('Gary is a friend of mine.', 'Class_A'),
("I can't believe I'm doing this.", 'Class_B'),
('The date was good.', 'Class_A'), ('I do not enjoy my job', 'Class_B')]
model = NBC(training_corpus)
print(model.classify("Their codes are amazing."))
>>> "Class_A"
print(model.classify("I don't like their computer."))
>>> "Class_B"
print(model.accuracy(test_corpus))
>>> 0.83
```
Scikit.Learn also provides a pipeline framework for text classification:
```
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text
import TfidfVectorizer from sklearn.metrics
import classification_report
from sklearn import svm
# preparing data for SVM model (using the same training_corpus, test_corpus from naive bayes example)
train_data = []
train_labels = []
for row in training_corpus:
train_data.append(row[0])
train_labels.append(row[1])
test_data = []
test_labels = []
for row in test_corpus:
test_data.append(row[0])
test_labels.append(row[1])
# Create feature vectors
vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer(min_df=4, max_df=0.9)
# Train the feature vectors
train_vectors = vectorizer.fit_transform(train_data)
# Apply model on test data
test_vectors = vectorizer.transform(test_data)
# Perform classification with SVM, kernel=linear
model = svm.SVC(kernel='linear')
model.fit(train_vectors, train_labels)
prediction = model.predict(test_vectors)
>>> ['Class_A' 'Class_A' 'Class_B' 'Class_B' 'Class_A' 'Class_A']
print (classification_report(test_labels, prediction))
```
The text classification model are heavily dependent upon the quality and quantity of features, while applying any machine learning model it is always a good practice to include more and more training data. H ere are some tips that I wrote about improving the text classification accuracy in one of my previous article.
One of the important areas of Natural Language Processing (NLP0 is the matching of text objects to find similarities. Important applications of text matching includes automatic spelling correction, data de-duplication and genome analysis etc.
A number of text matching techniques are available depending upon the requirement. This section describes the important techniques in detail.
A. Levenshtein Distance – The Levenshtein distance between two strings is defined as the minimum number of edits needed to transform one string into the other, with the allowable edit operations being insertion, deletion, or substitution of a single character. Following is the implementation for efficient memory computations.
```
def levenshtein(s1,s2):
if len(s1) > len(s2):
s1,s2 = s2,s1
distances = range(len(s1) + 1)
for index2,char2 in enumerate(s2):
newDistances = [index2+1]
for index1,char1 in enumerate(s1):
if char1 == char2:
newDistances.append(distances[index1])
else:
newDistances.append(1 + min((distances[index1], distances[index1+1], newDistances[-1])))
distances = newDistances
return distances[-1]
print(levenshtein("analyze","analyse"))
```
B. Phonetic Matching – A Phonetic matching algorithm takes a keyword as input (person’s name, location name etc) and produces a character string that identifies a set of words that are (roughly) phonetically similar. It is very useful for searching large text corpuses, correcting spelling errors and matching relevant names. Soundex and Metaphone are two main phonetic algorithms used for this purpose. Python’s module Fuzzy is used to compute soundex strings for different words, for example –
```
import fuzzy
soundex = fuzzy.Soundex(4)
print soundex('ankit')
>>> “A523”
print soundex('aunkit')
>>> “A523”
```
C. Flexible String Matching – A complete text matching system includes different algorithms pipelined together to compute variety of text variations. Regular expressions are really helpful for this purposes as well. Another common techniques include – exact string matching, lemmatized matching, and compact matching (takes care of spaces, punctuation’s, slangs etc).
D. Cosine Similarity – W hen the text is represented as vector notation, a general cosine similarity can also be applied in order to measure vectorized similarity. Following code converts a text to vectors (using term frequency) and applies cosine similarity to provide closeness among two text.
```
import math
from collections import Counter
def get_cosine(vec1, vec2):
common = set(vec1.keys()) & set(vec2.keys())
numerator = sum([vec1[x] * vec2[x] for x in common])
sum1 = sum([vec1[x]**2 for x in vec1.keys()])
sum2 = sum([vec2[x]**2 for x in vec2.keys()])
denominator = math.sqrt(sum1) * math.sqrt(sum2)
if not denominator:
return 0.0
else:
return float(numerator) / denominator
def text_to_vector(text):
words = text.split()
return Counter(words)
text1 = 'This is an article on analytics vidhya'
text2 = 'article on analytics vidhya is about natural language processing'
vector1 = text_to_vector(text1)
vector2 = text_to_vector(text2)
cosine = get_cosine(vector1, vector2)
>>> 0.62
```
Coreference Resolution is a process of finding relational links among the words (or phrases) within the sentences. Consider an example sentence: ” Donald went to John’s office to see the new table. He looked at it for an hour.“
Humans can quickly figure out that “he” denotes Donald (and not John), and that “it” denotes the table (and not John’s office). Coreference Resolution is the component of NLP that does this job automatically. It is used in document summarization, question answering, and information extraction. Stanford CoreNLP provides a python wrapper for commercial purposes.
Now, its time to take the plunge and actually play with some other real datasets. So are you ready to take on the challenge? Accelerate your NLP journey with the following Practice Problems:
 | Practice Problem: Identify the Sentiments | Identify the sentiment of tweets |
 | Practice Problem : Twitter Sentiment Analysis | To detect hate speech in tweets |
I hope this tutorial will help you maximize your efficiency when starting with natural language processing in Python. I am sure this not only gave you an idea about basic techniques but it also showed you how to implement some of the more sophisticated techniques available today. If you come across any difficulty while practicing Python, or you have any thoughts / suggestions / feedback please feel free to post them in the comments below.So, at end of these article you get natural language understanding.
This article was contributed by Shivam Bansal who is the winner of Blogathon 2. We will soon be publishing other top two blogs from the competition Blogathon 2. So, Stay Tuned!
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit,
Hi shivam, Nice article for beginner like me in NLP. Regards,
Thanks Ankit.
Great blogpost! Brief in format but comprehensive in content. Awesome!
Thanks :) Glad that you liked it
Great article, looking forward for more.
Please provide this in printable pdf format. Thanks for the awesome article. Regards.
Thanks for the great overview of an interesting topic
Great article !! thanks for this :)
Congratulations Shivam. A great tutorial, I enjoyed reading it. I would also suggest you to look at SpaCy once. I feel SpaCy is catching up a lot these days. No complains.. this Article is awesome and is already in my favorite list. 5 out 5. I wish I got this last year when I started learning and working on NLP. Great tutorial for beginners. Am sure you might have also looked at SpaCy. A comparison tutorial would be a great one.
Hey Rahul, Thanks. Yes, I have gone through SpaCy, but not used it thoroughly. Will plan out a comparison tutorial for sure.
Hello Shivam, Thanks for such a very nice article. I have one question regarding langauge translation library TextBlob in python which I have been using to translate text from other language to english. But it seems to be not working properly. I used it before that time it was working fine now I am getting an error "HTTPError: HTTP Error 503: Service Unavailable". I am using python 2.7.13. Could you please help me on this. I would really appreciate it. Thanks, Niranjan
Hi Niranjan, Textblob's Language translation and detection services are powered by Google Translate API. There are some validations and limits, for example - it only accepts strings with more than 2 words else it raises the error. Also, make sure that your internet connection is proper. You can use langdetect (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/langdetect) in case it is not fixed.
Hi shivam, Noise removal section - To remove a regex pattern Don't you think regex pattern code is a bit redundant ? Infact regex_pattern="#[\w]*" will do the same job as your code. There is no need to explicitly provide alpha-numeric characters in the square brackets because this is what \w stands for . Please tell me if I am wrong. And a great article by the way. A lot to learn from. Neeraj
Hey NSS, Thanks for pointing out, updated.
Nice and informative article. I have tried the following : from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer obj = TfidfVectorizer() corpus = ['This is sample document.', 'another random document.', 'third sample document text'] X = obj.fit_transform(corpus) print X (0, 1) 0.345205016865 (0, 4) 0.444514311537 (0, 2) 0.58448290102 (0, 7) 0.58448290102 (1, 3) 0.652490884513 (1, 0) 0.652490884513 (1, 1) 0.385371627466 (2, 5) 0.58448290102 (2, 6) 0.58448290102 (2, 1) 0.345205016865 (2, 4) 0.444514311537 As u said, tuple (i,j) is tf-idf value of word at index j in document i. What does (0,7) explains ?
Hey Shan, Thanks. TF-IDF Vectorizer converts a collection of raw documents to a matrix of TF-IDF features. It is a two step process - creating count vectors of each term and then transforming them into vectors. When u run the code with this input (the "." are removed) corpus = ["This sample document", "another random document", "third sample document text"] the output will be: (0, 1) 0.425440538971 (0, 3) 0.547832154927 (0, 6) 0.720333449055 (1, 2) 0.652490884513 (1, 0) 0.652490884513 (1, 1) 0.385371627466 (2, 4) 0.58448290102 (2, 5) 0.58448290102 (2, 1) 0.345205016865 (2, 3) 0.444514311537 This is the tf-idf matrix representation of the corpus. A cleaner representation will be something like: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 x x x 1 y y y 2 z z z z Now, the value at (0,6) position in this matrix defines the tf-idf vector for a word 6th index (in the overall corpus vocabulary) and in the document 0. You can also check that word at "1" index is "document" which is common in this matrix as well as in the corpus. Hope it clears.
Hi, Nice article and immensely helpful, so a hearty thank you. One quick question, I faced an issue with fuzzy package as I didn't see any package from anaconda on windows. There is fuzzywuzzy but that doesn't have Soundex function, any suggestion?
You can directly download the package from this link https://bitbucket.org/yougov/fuzzy/src and install it by running "python setup.py install"
awesome structure and overview ! Many thanks
This information is impressive; I am inspired with your post writing style & how continuously you describe this topic. After reading your post, thanks for taking the time to discuss this, I feel happy about it and I love learning more about this topic.
Thanks Nainika, Glad that you liked it :)
[…] 原文链接：https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2017/01/ultimate-guide-to-understand-implement-natural-language… […]
this is simply fantastic explanation and very much helpful for beginners like me who is still crawling.
hie sir, very nice article. i have a question..if i want to have a word count of all the nouns present in a book...then..how can we proceed with python..
Hello, I have proposed a project about text summarization so, what should I start with or how to go about it
Hi Shivam, I am running a document similarity algorithm in rapid miner, I am trying to see the similarity between two documents( one containing game attributes) and another containing games played at the user level. But the similarity between the two documents is not coming distinct.( For all the possible combination the value is coming as 1.4) hence not able to rank the documents. Please help as soon as possible. Thanks and Regards Anchal Singhania
hello sir its very helpful thanks for posting valuable information
It is a very good article. Thanks you very much for posting such a good article. I have doubt in semantics phase I. e how semantic grammar is useful for nap with coding plz
nice article.:-). how can i proceed in this in AI therapist . in which a user enters his day routine in few sentences and get d output if he/she requires a therapist or not
Hi Shivam, Thanks for publishing a detailed road map for NLP beginners. Also please let me know best and quick way to learn python( any good book or tutorials)? Thanks Aryan
Hi, thanks for an amazing tutorial. I have two questions regarding Text Classification Tasks. 1) What is the minium size of training documents in order to be sure that your ML algorithm is doing a good classification? 2) What are some tips to improve text classification accuracy? For example if I use TF-IDF to vectorize text, can i use only the features with highest TF-IDF for classification porpouses? Thanks in advance.
Great breakdown, thanks for writing this. For anyone who wants to learn more about implementing natural language processing code, check out this course on experfy. https://www.experfy.com/training/courses/marketing-analytics-text-analysis-recommendation-systems I just finished and it's been such a helpful resource for learning this
Great article! Can you suggest some beginner NLP projects? Thank You.
Hi Shivam, First off, thank you for taking time to share what you know. Its quite well written and practical. I was wondering if you have come across a list of all NLP Techniques/algorithms/approaches to different problems NLP can solve, etc that I could perhaps use as a checklist. E.g. for sentiment analysis = you can use x,y,z techniques, for relationship extraction, you can follow a,b,c approaches. Hope you get my question here. Because I am approaching NLP from a hitchhikers point of view, I am looking to solve a very specific problem which is extracting information from blogs and would much rather go about it by attacking the problem rather than learning everything all the techniques in NLP and then approach the problem. Hoping you can advise. Thanks again for the article
Awesome, Thanks for sharing.
Definitely a good article to start NLP.... :)
Thanks greatly for this beautiful Tutorial. Does anyone have an idea about textrank algorithms ?
Thank you so much. That was one of the most logically connected and clear explanation that I have have gone through in the recent past. Thank you so much for this.! :)
hi shivam, Is there any API or anything which will do NLP to SQL query? Or any guess how to do it?
Hi, Thanks for this Artical it is really helpful. I just have one query Can update data in existing corpus like nltk or stanford.
Hello, sir I am doing masters project on word sense disambiguity can you please give a code on a single paragraph by performing all the preprocessing steps.
[…] as features in machine learning workflows. If you’re not familiar with these terms, this guide to understanding NLP tasks is a good […]
@Shivam, do you some code examples using bigrams or trigrams for sentiment analysis or text classification for that matter.?
Thanks for the Article, It is Very Helpful
@Shivam : I am a beginner in Python / ML I am planning to create a chat bot due to personal interest. Can you please suggest what is the process behind the creation ?
[…] as features in machine learning workflows. If you’re not familiar with these terms, this guide to understanding NLP tasks is a good […]
[…] https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2017/01/ultimate-guide-to-understand-implement-natural-language… […]
NICE and simple article on NLP
Thank you so much for thí great blog. It give me a overview on nlp area!
I would like to thank for this resourceful post. i am impressed with the content and explanation. Thanks a lot for sharing your knowledge and your investment of time. Thanks again!!!
Hi Aravindan, Glad you found this useful!
It is very helpful to me
Hello, Your article was very informative and interesting. However, I have a question - Is it possible to run in parallel multiple feature engineering methods on the same data at the same time? For e.g. Can I run POS methods from Syntactical Parsing, Phrase Detection and NER from Entity Parsing, and Word Embeddings on the same corpus and receive comprehensible solutions from this combination of feature extraction methods?
Hi Nice article I tried following the same syntax in jupyter lem.lemmatize (word,"v") but got different output as "v" and not "multiply" Pls clarify
simple and clear explanation. Thank you...