Looping is a basic concept in any programming language and can be used in a variety of daily uses. When you have a huge list or you need to process all the data fields of the dataset one by one, you can sequentially loop over or iterate over the whole set of data. There are two types of looping statements in Python which are :
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We will discuss them one by one in the following paragraphs :
For loop in Python is nothing similar to C or Java and is more closely related with the ” foreach ” keyword in C++. We normally use “for variable in” to either iterate over a whole list of values.
Syntax :
for iterator_variable in iterator_list :
Eg Code :
for i in range(5): print(i)
Output :
0 1 2 3 4
Here we have used a range function that takes an integer value as input and returns a list of numbers that begin at 0 and end at the number supplied but does not include the value passed. In this example, we had passed the value 5 but the values returned by the range function will vary from 0 to 4 and will not include 5. This is very helpful and intuitive since, in coding languages where we often use lists, arrays and other sequential data structures, indexing always begins at 0 and goes to the length-1 value.
We can also use “xrange()” instead of “range()” as both return the same set of values but the working of them are different and there exist some slight variations between them which we will revisit later in this article.
The areas of difference for xrange and range are :
Important Note: If you want your code to be both Python 2 and Python 3 compatible, then you should use range as xrange is not present in Python 3, and the range of Python 3 works in the same way as xrange of Python 2.
We can use a for loop to iterate over a range or even traverse a string, one character at a time. Basically, we can iterate over something which has multiple values stored in a particular fashion and can be indexed. This list includes a list, tuples, set, and a dictionary too.
Code :
for n in L: print(n)
Here L can be a list of values and then n will traverse over the whole list one by one and then we can extract and access all values of the iterator one by one.
if L = [1,2,3,4,5] #List or tuples
Output :
1 2 3 4 5
If L = “Analytics” # String
Output :
A n a l y t i c s
if L = {1:”a”,2:”b”,3:”c”} #Dictionary
Output :
1 2 3
if we want the value along with the index of the dictionary, we can edit the code to become like the following :
Code :
for n in L: print(n,L[n])
Output :
1 a 2 b 3 c
Note: We can also use the dict.items() functions to iterate over a dictionary with a (key,value) tuple paid.
The range function takes 3 parameters actually which are the start, end and the step counter.
Eg #1 : x=range(0,10,2) will give a list of [0,2,4,6,8] which begins at 0 and goes to 10, exluding 10 and increases by 2 steps. Its C/C++/Java equivalent is for (i=0,i<10;i+=2){}
Eg #2: x=range(10,0,-2) will give a list of [10,8,6,4,2] which begins at 10 and goes to 0 but does not include 0 and decreases by 2 steps. Its C/C++/Java equivalent is for (i=10;i>0;i-=2){}
A while loop only takes the exit condition after the while keyword and executes the statements in its block until the condition becomes false. It is generally used when one person does not know how many times the loop will get executed.
Syntax :
while condition :
Code :
i=0 while i<5: print(i) i=i+2
Output :
0 2 4
Note: There are no Do-While loops in Python but you can make one of your own.
Bonus Looping Notes :
The execution control can be controlled by the following three keywords which are :
Break means that the execution will stop and exit the for loop, Continue will force the loop to continue onto the next iteration and ignore all the following lines of execution. Pass will simply do nothing and is often used for empty functions or loops.
Code :
s = "analytics"
# Pass usage
for i in s:
if i == 'a':
print('Pass has been executed')
pass
print(i)
if i == 't':
break
print(":: Now continue ::")
# Continue usage
for i in s:
if i == 'a':
print('Continue has been executed')
continue
print(i)
if i == 't':
break
Output :
Pass has been executed a n Pass has been executed a l y :: Now continue :: Continue has been executed n Continue has been executed l y
This example clearly shows the difference between a pass and continue and that wraps it up for loops and now we explore generator functions Python.
Did you know that you can use else block or the keyword with the for or while loop statements. When a while or a for block finishes its execution, the else block is executed and then the flow of execution moves outside towards the outer block.
Code :
i=0
while i<10:
print(i)
i=i+1
else:
print("End",i)
print("In main Indent")
Output :
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 End 10 In main Indent
The else block will not be executed in case if there was a break statement executed in the loop block and in that case, the execution will move back to the main block. This flow can be better explained by the following
Code :
i=0
while i<10:
print(i)
i=i+1
if i==6:
break
else:
print("End",i)
print("In main Indent")
Output :
0 1 2 3 4 5 In main Indent
The same can be used with for loops in python too which is shown by the following code and output
Code :
for i in range(5):
print(i)
else:
print("End",i)
Output :
0 1 2 3 4 End 4
Here you can see that the last value is 4 and not 5 like the while loop because the range function returns a list of values that begins at 0 and ends at 4, so the last value fo i is 4 and it does not get updated to 5 to exit out of the loop but it simply ends at 4 when it reaches the end of the list to traverse.
We can create our own generator function where we use yield instead of the return function. The yield function pauses the execution and saves the execution variables and states and we can resume execution by using the “next” keyword.
Code :
def TestGenerator():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
for valin TestGenerator():
print(val)
Output :
1 2 3
A generator returns a generator object which you can also use like this :
Code :
def TestGenerator():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
# x is a generator object
x = TestGenerator()
print(x.next()) # __next__() in Python 3.x
print(x.next())
print(x.next())
Output :
1 2 3
Generator Expression :
Python provides an easy way to use Python Generator expressions where we can write the yield and range in one single line like this :
Code :
s = (x+x for x in range(5)) print(next(s)) print(next(s)) print(next(s)) print(next(s)) print(next(s))
Output :
0 2 4 6 8
We can also use list expressions like this and declare a list of squares with :
Code :
s= [ x*x for x in range(5) ] print(s)
Output :
[0,1,4,9,16]
This is an example of a list generator and let’s see the benefits of using a generator :
Applications :
Suppose we have a constant stream of data inflow into our code and using a generator helps us to work efficiently with it. Without waiting for the full list of values, we can use the next keyword to work on the stream of data one by one as it is ingested. It is also useful while handling large files of data like log files and this provides a space-efficient function for processing such data for handling the data in parts. Iterators can also handle the same task but generators are more efficient.
So now you know how to effectively use Looping statements in Python along with generators and the difference between range and xrange. I hope this article helps you in any way possible and keep coding.
Stay Safe and get vaccinated everyone.
Arnab Mondal (LinkednIn)
Data Engineer | Python, C/C++, AWS Developer | Freelance Tech Writer
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