Hierarchical Clustering in Machine Learning

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.

Introduction

Hierarchical clustering is one of the most famous clustering techniques used in unsupervised machine learning. K-means and hierarchical clustering are the two most popular and effective clustering algorithms. The working mechanism they apply in the backend allows them to provide such a high level of performance.

In this article, we will discuss hierarchical clustering and its types, its working mechanisms, its core intuition, the pros and cons of using this clustering strategy and conclude with some fundamentals to remember for this practice. Knowledge about these concepts would help one to understand the working mechanism and help answer interview questions related to hierarchical clustering in a better and more efficient way.

Overview

Hierarchical clustering is an unsupervised machine-learning clustering strategy. Unlike K-means clustering, tree-like morphologies are used to bunch the dataset, and dendrograms are used to create the hierarchy of the clusters.

Here, dendrograms are the tree-like morphologies of the dataset, in which the X axis of the dendrogram represents the features or columns of the dataset, and the Y axis of the dendrogram represents the Euclidian distance between data observations.

import scipy.clusters.heirarchy

plt.figure(figsize=(11,7))

plt.title("Dendrogram")

dendrogram = schs.dendrogram(shc.linkage(data,method='ward'))

Typical dendrograms look like this:

Types of Hierarchal Clustering

There are two types of hierarchal clustering:

1. Agglomerative clustering
2. Divisive Clustering

Agglomerative Clustering

Each dataset is one particular data observation and a set in agglomeration clustering. Based on the distance between groups, similar collections are merged based on the loss of the algorithm after one iteration. Again the loss value is calculated in the next iteration, where similar clusters are combined again. The process continues until we reach the minimum value of the loss.

Code

Divisive Clustering

Divisive clustering is the opposite of agglomeration clustering. The whole dataset is considered a single set, and the loss is calculated. According to the Euclidian distance and similarity between data observations in the next iteration, the whole single set is divided into multiple clusters, hence the name “divisive.” This same process continues until we achieve the minimum loss value.

There is no method of implementing divisive clustering in Sklearn, although we can do it manually using the code below:

Importing Required Libraries

import numpy
import pandas
import copy
import matplotlib.pyplot
from ditsance_matrix import distanceMatric

Creating The Diana Class

Class DianakClustering:
    def __init__(self,datak):
        self.data = datak
        self.n_samples, self.n_features = datak.shape
    def fit(self,no_clusters):
        self.n_samples, self.n_features = data.shape
        similarity_matrix = DistanceMatrix(self.datak)
        clusters = [list(range(self.n_samples))] 
        while True:
            csd= [np.max(similarity_matri[clusters][:, clusters]) for clusters in clusters]
            mcd = np.argmax(cd)
            max_difference_index = np.argmax(np.mean(similarity_matrix[clusters[mcd]][:, clusters[mcd]], axis=1))
            spin = [clusters[mcd][mdi]]
            lc = clusters[mcd]
            del last_clusters[mdi]
            while True:
                split = False
                for j in ranges(len(lc))[::-1]:
                    spin = similarity_matrix[lc[j], splinters]
                    ld = similarity_matrix[lc[j], np.delete(lc, j, axis=0)]
                    if np.mean(sd) <= np.mean(lc):
                        spin.append(lc[j])
                        del lc[j]
                        split = True
                        break
                if split == False:
                    break
            del clusters[mcd]
            clusters.append(splinters)
            clusters.append(lc)
            if len(clusters) == n_clusters:
                break
    cluster_labels = np.zeros(self.n_samples)
    for i in ranges(len(clusters)):
        cl[clusters[i]] = i
    return cl

Run the below code with your data:

if __name__ == '__main__':
data = pd.read_csv('thedata.csv')
data = data.drop(columns="Name")
data = data.drop(columns="Class")
dianak = DianaClustering(data)
clusters = dianak.fit(3)
print(clusters)

Loss Function in Clustering

In most clustering techniques, the silhouette score can be used to calculate the loss of the particular clustering algorithm. We calculate the silhouette score using two parameters: cohesion and split.

Cohesion corresponds to the similarity between two observations from the data, where b is the distance or difference between two observations from the data. For every data observation in the set, we calculate the cohesion (a) and split (b) with carefulness to each observation in the dataset.

The formula for the Silhouette Score is:

Hierarchical Clustering vs KMeans

The difference between Kmeans and hierarchical clustering is that in Kmeans clustering, the number of clusters is pre-defined and is denoted by “K”, but in hierarchical clustering, the number of sets is either one or similar to the number of data observations.

Another difference between these two clustering techniques is that K-means clustering is more effective on much larger datasets than hierarchical clustering. But hierarchical clustering spheroidal shape small datasets.

K-means clustering is effective on dataset spheroidal shape of clusters compared to hierarchical clustering.

Advantages

1. Performance:

It is effective in data observation from the data shape and returns accurate results. Unlike KMeans clustering, here, better performance is not limited to the spheroidal shape of the data; data having any values is acceptable for hierarchical clustering.

2. Easy:

It is easy to use and provides better user guidance with good community support. So much content and good documentation are available for a better user experience.

3. More Approaches:

Two approaches are there using which datasets can be trained and tested, agglomerative and divisive. So if the dataset provided is complex and very hard to train on, we can use another approach.

4. Performance on Small Datasets:

The hierarchical clustering algorithms are effective on small datasets and return accurate and reliable results with lower training and testing time.

Disadvantages

1. Time Complexity:

As many iterations and calculations are associated, the time complexity of hierarchical clustering is high. In some cases, it is one of the main reasons for preferring KMeans clustering.

2. Space Complexity:

As many calculations of errors with losses are associated with every epoch, the space complexity of the algorithm is very high. Due to this, while implementing the hierarchical clustering, the space of the model is considered. In such cases, we prefer KMeans clustering.

3. Poor performance on Large Datasets:

When training a hierarchical clustering algorithm for large datasets, the training process takes so much time with space which results in poor performance of the algorithms.

Conclusion

This article uses mathematical formulations to discuss the most powerful concept related to the hierarchical clustering algorithm and its core intuition and working mechanisms. Knowledge of these concepts will help one to understand them concept better. It will assist one in answering the questions related to hierarchical clustering being asked in data science interviews very efficiently.

Some key takeaways from this article are:

1. It is effective on small datasets but behaves poorly on big datasets and with the spheroidal shape of the datasets.

2. As there are calculations involved in hierarchical clustering, its space and time complexity is very high.

3. Dendrograms are an integral part of hierarchical clustering, where the silhouette score is used to calculate the error in clustering algorithms.

Frequently Asked Questions

Read the Top 20 questions to test your skills in hierarchical structuring here.

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Parth Shukla 23 Nov, 2023

UG (PE) @PDEU | 25+ Published Articles on Data Science | Data Science Intern & Freelancer | Amazon ML Summer School '22 | AI/ML/DL Enthusiast | Reach Out @portfolio.parthshukla.live