Top 30 Linear Regression Interview Questions & Answers for Data Scientists (Updated 2024)

Introduction

Linear Regression is still the most prominent statistical technique used in the data science industry and academia to explain relationships between features. So, we at Analytics Vidhya, designed this comprehensive set of interview questions for our Skill Test participants to test their knowledge of linear regression techniques.

If you are one of those who missed out on this skill test in real-time, here are the questions and solutions for you to try answering and grading yourself. Note that these are important linear regression interview questions for data analyst and data scientist jobs.

Table of Contents

1. About the Skill Test
2. Helpful Resources
3. Linear Regression Interview Questions & Answers

About the Skill Test

A total of 1,355 people registered for the linear regression skill test. It was specially designed to include many of the most important linear regression interview questions covering various related topics, such as linear models, coefficients, intercepts, etc. Below is the distribution of the scores of the participants:

More than 800 people participated in the skill test. The highest score obtained was 28. Here is the leaderboard for the participants who took the test., so you may see where you stand.

Helpful Resources

Here are some resources to get in-depth knowledge of the subject.

• 5 Questions which can teach you Multiple Regression (with R and Python)
• Going Deeper into Regression Analysis with Assumptions, Plots & Solutions
• 7 Types of Regression Techniques you should know!

Are you a beginner in Machine Learning? Do you want to master the fundamental concepts of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence? Here are some beginner-friendly tutorial-based courses to assist you in your journey of becoming a data scientist:

• Certified AI & ML Blackbelt+ Program
• Applied Machine Learning Course

Linear Regression Interview Questions & Answers

Q1. True-False: Linear Regression is a supervised machine learning algorithm.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Solution: (A)

Yes, Linear regression is a supervised learning algorithm because it uses true labels for training. A supervised machine learning model should have an input variable (x) and an output variable (Y) for each example.

Q2. True-False: Linear Regression is mainly used for Regression.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Solution: (A)

Linear Regression has dependent variables that have continuous values.

Q3. True-False: It is possible to design a Linear regression algorithm using a neural network.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Solution: (A)

True. A Neural network which is a component of deep learning, can be used as a universal approximator, so it can definitely implement a linear regression algorithm.

Q4. Which of the following methods do we use to find the best-fit line for data in Linear Regression?

A) Least Square Error
B) Maximum Likelihood
C) Logarithmic Loss
D) Both A and B

Solution: (A)

In linear regression, we try to minimize the least square errors of the model to identify the line of best fit.

Q5. Which of the following evaluation metrics can be used to evaluate a model while modeling a continuous output variable?

A) AUC-ROC
B) Accuracy
C) Logloss
D) Mean-Squared-Error

Solution: (D)

Since linear regression gives output as continuous values, so in such cases, we use mean squared error or r-squared metric to evaluate the model performance. The remaining options are used in case of a classification problem that can be solved by logistic regression or decision trees.

Q6. True-False: Lasso Regularization can be used for variable selection in Linear Regression.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Solution: (A)

True, In the case of lasso regression, we apply an absolute penalty which makes some of the coefficients zero.

Q7. Which of the following is true about residuals?

A) Lower is better
B) Higher is better
C) A or B depending on the situation
D) None of these

Solution: (A)

Residuals refer to the error values of the model. Therefore lower residuals that have normal distribution are desired.

Q8. Suppose we have N independent variables (X1, X2… Xn) and Y’s dependent variable.

Now Imagine that you are applying linear regression by fitting the best-fit line using the least square error on this data. You found that the correlation coefficient for one of its variables (Say X1) with Y is -0.95.

Which of the following is true for X1?

A) Relation between the X1 and Y is weak
B) Relation between the X1 and Y is strong
C) Relation between the X1 and Y is neutral
D) Correlation can’t judge the relationship

Solution: (B)

The absolute value of the correlation coefficient denotes the strength of the relationship. Since the absolute correlation is very high, we infer that the relationship is strong between X1 and Y.

Q9. Looking at the above two characteristics, which of the following options is the correct Pearson correlation between V1 and V2?

If you are given the two variables V1 and V2, which follow the below two characteristics:

1. If V1 increases, then V2 also increases
2. If V1 decreases, then V2 behavior is unknown

A) Pearson correlation will be close to 1
B) Pearson correlation will be close to -1
C) Pearson correlation will be close to 0
D) None of these

Solution: (D)

We cannot comment on the correlation coefficient by using only statement 1.  We need to consider both of these two statements. Consider V1 as x and V2 as |x|. The correlation coefficient would not be close to 1 in such a case.

Q10. Suppose the Pearson correlation between V1 and V2 is zero. In such a case, is it right to conclude that V1 and V2 do not have any relation between them?

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Solution: (B)

Pearson correlation coefficient between 2 variables might be zero even when they have a relationship between them. If the correlation coefficient is zero, it just means that they don’t move together. We can take examples like y=|x| or y=x^2.

Q11. Suppose the horizontal axis is an independent variable and the vertical axis is a dependent variable. Which of the following offsets do we use in linear regression’s least square line fit?

B) Perpendicular offset
C) Both, depending on the situation
D) None of above

Solution: (A)

We always consider residuals as vertical offsets. We calculate the direct differences between the actual value and the Y labels. Perpendicular offsets are useful in the case of dimensionality reduction techniques like PCA.

Q12. True- False: Overfitting is more likely when you have a huge amount of data to train.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Solution: (B)

With a small training dataset, it’s easier to find a hypothesis to fit the training data exactly, i.e., overfitting.

Q13. We can compute the coefficient of linear regression with the help of an analytical method called “Normal Equation.” Which of the following is/are true about Normal Equations?

1. We don’t have to choose the learning rate.
2. It becomes slow when the number of features is very large.
3. There is no need to iterate.

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 1,2 and 3

Solution: (D)

Instead of gradient descent, a Normal Equation of linear algebra can also be used to find coefficients. Refer to this article to read more about the normal equation.

Q14. Which of the following statement is true about the sum of residuals of A and B?

Below graphs show two fitted regression lines (A & B) on randomly generated data. Now, I want to find the sum of residuals in both cases, A and B.

Note:

1. Scale is the same in both graphs for both axes.
2. X-axis is the independent variable, and Y-axis is the dependent variable.

A) A has a higher sum of residuals than B
B) A has a lower sum of residual than B
C) Both have the same sum of residuals
D) None of these

Solution: (C)

The sum of residuals will always be zero; therefore, both have the same sum of residuals.

Context for Questions 15-17:

Suppose you have fitted a complex regression model on a dataset. Now, you are using Ridge regression with penalty x.

Q15. Choose the option which describes bias in the best manner.

A) In the case of a very large x, bias is low
B) In the case of a very large x, bias is high
C) We can’t say about bias
D) None of these

Solution: (B)

If the penalty is very large, it means the model is less complex; therefore, the bias would be high.

Q16. What will happen when you apply a very large penalty?

A) Some of the coefficients will become absolute zero
B) Some of the coefficients will approach zero but not absolute zero
C) Both A and B depending on the situation
D) None of these

Solution: (B)

In Lasso, some of the coefficient values become zero, but in the case of Ridge, the coefficients become close to zero but not zero.

Q17. What will happen when you apply a very large penalty in the case of Lasso regression?

A) Some of the coefficients will become zero
B) Some of the coefficients will be approaching zero but not absolute zero
C) Both A and B depending on the situation
D) None of these

Solution: (A)

As already discussed, lasso applies an absolute penalty, so some of the coefficients will become zero.

Q18. Which of the following statement is true about outliers in Linear regression?

A) Linear regression is sensitive to outliers
B) Linear regression is not sensitive to outliers
C) Can’t say
D) None of these

Solution: (A)

The slope of the regression line will change due to outliers in most cases. So Linear Regression is sensitive to outliers.

Q19. Suppose you plotted a scatter plot between the residuals and predicted values in linear regression and found a relationship between them. Which of the following conclusion do you make about this situation?

A) Since there is a relationship means our model is not good
B) Since there is a relationship means our model is good
C) Can’t say
D) None of these

Solution: (A)

There should not be any relationship between predicted values and residuals. If there exists any relationship between them, it means that the model has not perfectly captured the information in the data points.

Context for Questions 20-22:

Suppose that you have a dataset D1 and you design a linear model of degree 3 polynomial and find that the training and testing error is “0” or, in other words, it perfectly fits the data.

Q20. What will happen when you fit a degree 4 polynomial in linear regression?

A) There is a high chance that degree 4 polynomial will overfit the data
B) There is a high chance that degree 4 polynomial will underfit the data
C) Can’t say
D) None of these

Solution: (A)

Since degree 4 will be more complex(overfitting the data) than the degree 3 model, it will again perfectly fit the data. In such a case, the training error will be zero, but the test error may not be zero. Polynomial regression is useful for non-linear data.

Q21. What will happen when you fit a degree 2 polynomial in linear regression?

A) It is a high chance that degree 2 polynomial will overfit the data
B) It is a high chance that degree 2 polynomial will underfit the data
C) Can’t say
D) None of these

Solution: (B)

If a degree 3 polynomial fits the data perfectly, it’s highly likely that a simpler model (degree 2 polynomial) might underfit the data.

Q22. In terms of bias and variance. Which of the following is true when you fit degree 2 polynomial?

A) Bias will be high, and variance will be high
B) Bias will be low, and variance will be high
C) Bias will be high, and variance will be low
D) Bias will be low, and variance will be low

Solution: (C)

Since a degree 2 polynomial will be less complex as compared to degree 3, the bias will be high, and the variance will be low.

Context for Question 23:

Below are three graphs, A, B, and C, between the cost function and the number of iterations, I1, I2, and I3, respectively.

Q23. Suppose l1, l2, and l3 are the three learning rates for A, B, and C, respectively. Which of the following is true about l1,l2, and l3?

A) l2 < l1 < l3
B) l1 > l2 > l3
C) l1 = l2 = l3
D) None of these

Solution: (A)

In the case of a high learning rate, the step will be high, the objective function will decrease quickly initially, but it will not find the global minima, and the objective function starts increasing after a few iterations. In the case of a low learning rate, the step will be small. So the objective function will decrease slowly.

Context for Questions 24-25:

We have been given a dataset with n records in which we have an input attribute as x and an output attribute as y. Suppose we use a linear regression method to model this data. To test our linear regressor, we split the data in the training set and test a set randomly.

Q24. Now we increase the training set size gradually. As the training set size increases, what do you expect will happen with the mean training error?

A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) Remain constant
D) Can’t Say

Solution: (D)

Training error may increase or decrease depending on the values that are used to fit the model. If the values used to train contain more outliers gradually, then the error might just increase.

Q25. What do you expect will happen with bias and variance as you increase the size of training data?

A) Bias increases, and Variance increases
B) Bias decreases, and Variance increases
C) Bias decreases, and Variance decreases
D) Bias increases, and Variance decreases
E) Can’t Say False

Solution: (D)

As we increase the size of the training data, the bias would increase while the variance would decrease.

Context for Question 26:

Consider the following data where one input(X) and one output(Y) are given.

Q26. What would be the root mean square training error for this data if you run a Linear Regression model of the form (Y = A0+A1X)?

A) Less than 0
B) Greater than zero
C) Equal to 0
D) None of these

Solution: (C)

We can perfectly fit the straight line on the following data so that the mean error will be zero.

Context for Questions 27-28:

Suppose you have been given the following scenario for training and validation error for Linear Regression.

Q27. Which of the following scenario would give you the right hyperparameter?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Solution: (B)

Option B would be the better option because it leads to less training as well as a validation error.

Q28. Suppose you got the tuned hyperparameters from the previous question. Now, Imagine you want to add a variable in variable space such that this added feature is important.

Which of the following thing would you observe in such a case?

A) Training Error will decrease, and Validation error will increase
B) Training Error will increase, and Validation error will increase
C) Training Error will increase, and Validation error will decrease
D) Training Error will decrease, and Validation error will decrease
E) None of the above

Solution: (D)

If the added feature is important, the training and validation error would decrease.

Context for Questions 29-30:

Suppose you got a situation where you find that your linear regression model is underfitting the data.

Q29. In such a situation, which of the following options would you consider?

• Add more variables
• Start introducing polynomial degree variables
• Remove some variables

A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 1 and 3
D) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: (A)

In case of underfitting, you need to induce more variables in variable space or you can add some polynomial degree variables to make the model more complex to be able to fit the data better.

Q30. Now the situation is the same as written in the previous question (under-fitting). Which of the following regularization algorithms would you prefer?

A) L1
B) L2
C) Any
D) None of these

Solution: (D)

I won’t use any regularization methods because regularization is used in case of overfitting.

Conclusion

Hope this comprehensive guide on linear regression interview questions has helped you assess yourself and also taught you a few new things. Taking such skill tests before your data analytics job interview is always helpful to keep you prepared and confident. Apart from these questions, it is also important to brush up your skills in MS Excel, SQL, Python, NumPy, pandas, scikit-learn, data mining, data visualization, etc., before your interview to ensure you ace it.

Prepare for your data analytics interviews with confidence! Join our ‘Data Analytics Mastery‘ course to sharpen your skills in linear regression, SQL, Python, and more—ensure you’re ready to impress potential employers!